Exosomes: Implications in HIV-1 Pathogenesis

Exosomes: Implications in HIV-1 Pathogenesis

Exosomes are membranous nanovesicles of endocytic origin that carry host and pathogen derived genomic, proteomic, and lipid cargos. Exosomes are secreted by most cell types into the extracellular milieu and are subsequently internalized by recipient cells. Upon internalization, exosomes condition recipient cells by donating their cargos and/or activating various signal transduction pathways, co...

Significance of exosomes in COVID-19 pathogenesis and therapy

Exosomes are lipid bilayer-enclosed nano-sized vesicles, which carry various biomolecules including proteins, lipids, and microRNAs. SARS-CoV-2-loaded exosomes can be entered into the susceptible host cells, and transported viral components which are associated with viral particles intercellular transmission and spread of infection. Over-stimulation of the immune system followed by excessive pr...

Interactions of Infectious HIV-1 Virions with Erythrocytes: Implications for HIV-1 Pathogenesis and Infectivity

HIV-1 pathogenesis: the virus.

Transmission of HIV-1 results in the establishment of a new infection, typically starting from a single virus particle. That virion replicates to generate viremia and persistent infection in all of the lymphoid tissue in the body. HIV-1 preferentially infects T cells with high levels of CD4 and those subsets of T cells that express CCR5, particularly memory T cells. Most of the replicating viru...

Exosomes in stroke pathogenesis and therapy

Introduction Stroke is one of leading causes of death and disability worldwide (1). Since it was approved by the FDA in 1996, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has become the only treatment for patients presenting with stroke within 4.5 hours of onset (2–5). Recently, endovascular thrombectomy has been shown to extend the therapeutic window for patients to within 12 hours after stroke onset by...